Organiser
The panel on ‘agroforestry, gender and tenure’ at ILDC 2020, will discuss the role of gender, land tenure and tree tenure in scaling agroforestry in India. The panel will discuss the incentives for uptake and barriers to scaling agroforestry in India. Focus will be on sharing learning and experiences of implementing agroforestry in India, insights on land Agroforestry pathways can help India achieve several international commitments to landscape restoration. These include the Bonn Challenge commitment to restore 21 Mha, the Paris climate agreement to sequester additional 2.5 to 3 Gigatons CO2eq. by 2030 through improved forest and tree cover and land degradation neutrality target to restore 5 Mha. Importantly, agroforestry can support achieving India’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including SDGs 15 (life on land) and 13 (climate action) through improved tree cover and carbon sequestration. Provisioning services from agroforestry including food, fuel wood, fodder and non-timber forest produce are key pillars for alleviating poverty, providing food security and regulating flows of fresh water for drinking and irrigation. These services contribute toward achievement of SDGs 1 (no poverty), 2 (zero hunger), 6 (clean water and sanitation) and 8 (decent work and economic growth). Agroforestry can have positive impact on women in agriculture and contribute to SDGs 5 and 10 (gender equality and reduced inequality).
And tree tenure and the role of women. Findings from the panel would inform potential pathways to scale agroforestry for achieving India’s NDC and SDGs. The discussion will support in identifying key enables conditions that support livelihoods and developmental outcomes through implementation of agroforestry on a large scale.
Organiser
India is the tenth most-forested country in the world, as well as one of the 17 megadiverse countries. The country is home to nearly 8% of the globally known flora and fauna, with forests playing an important role in biodiversity conservation. India’s forests are pivotal to the country’s strategy to combat climate change with an ambitious goal to add 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2e through additional forest and tree cover by 2030. India’s forests are also home to millions of people and play a key role in supporting the livelihoods of 250-300 million people.India has set ambitious goals for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, land degradation neutrality, and restoration of degraded lands and forests. The resource requirement for achieving these goals is mammoth. Although India’s forest sector has traditionally been financed through government budgetary process, many ambitious schemes and programmes have suffered due to budgetary constraints. There is, therefore, a need to explore additional nontraditional avenues of funding, especially those that have worked effectively in other sectors or geographies. These could open new pathways to realize the potential of India’s forest sector. Similarly, better technology is needed to achieve the forest sector goals in a cost-effective and timebound manner. The Forest Survey of India is already using modern remote sensing and GIS techniques for forest cover monitoring. Rapid advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies are bringing about a paradigm shift in many sectors. Such technologies can be a game changer for India’s forest sector as well.
The workshop aims to achieve the following:
1. Insights and perspectives on the transformative potential of India’s forest sector.
2. A greater appreciation and understanding of the role of innovative financing in India’s forest sector.
3. A greater appreciation and understanding of the role of innovative technology in India’s forest sector.
4. An intellectual capital formed through networking between the panel members and audience.
Organiser
Land is typically the most important asset upon which our life depends for sustenance. For women ownership and access to land can mean the difference between having an identity of themselves or being dependent; being able to live with dignity or forced to submit to humiliating situations; possessing a safe and stable home or being homeless; between the ability to make decisions about the family or being ignored; and, between having a voice or being heard. Nevertheless, there are strong evidences to show that deep gender inequalities persist in ownership and control over land across all regions. The FAO Gender and Land Rights Database shows that the number of women landholders is significantly less than the number of male landholders in all countries for which information is available. Moreover, when it comes to agricultural land, current statistics show that women who hold land generally have smaller plots, of lower quality and with less secure rights. We know that persistent discriminatory social norms and practices are among the strongest barriers standing between women and their land and property rights. The existing policies, by themselves, rarely stand the test of equality; but even when there are equal provisions in law, they are weakly implemented. Women themselves are unable to assert the rights granted to them, and when they try to assert, complicated legal processes make the things even more difficult for them. Nonetheless, there are efforts being made from global to local level to fill this gap. In this session we will talk to some people working on ground and gain insights of how people working on ground experience this complication. What does a piece of land mean for women? How do women feel when their rights are denied? What challenges do they face in accessing what should rightfully be theirs? Where are the knots? How women navigate through them? What encourages and discourages them? What different organizations are doing? How easy or difficult is to fix the gap? How far is the goal?
Organiser
Large Scale Land Acquisitions (LSLA) has been a critical subject of public debate across the world and has particularly drawn attention from various stakeholders in the last decade. Low and middle-income countries have been on the frontline of these discussions, trying to identify sustainable and equitable solutions to address the multi-faceted challenges around land governance that affect local farming and indigenous communities. In particular, land acquisitions in India and China have primarily been for industrial, infrastructure and urbanization purposes in the last decade, and in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America, there are additional pressures due to large-scale agricultural plantations. Making land acquisition work in a way that is transparent and fair has become a key development issue, and there is growing concern that people’s association to their land and livelihood are being undermined by current processes. However, the social and economic progress of any developing countries depends on resolving land conflicts, converting customary rights into statutory law and making compensation mechanisms work in the interests of project affected people. Unresolved conflicts over land tenure significantly augment the financial risk for projects, as well as their overall potential to contribute to local and national development. Many LSLA projects in resource rich economies in Asia, Africa and Latin America are stalled or have been withdrawn due to delays in land acquisition, social conflicts, ecological concerns, and cost overruns among other issues. Although, land tenure issues are too complex for individual project developers to resolve independently, mitigating social and financial risks provides a strong incentive for the governments to contribute to clarifying and securing tenure rights, improving compensation policies and addressing the overall impact of land acquisition on locally affected communities.
This session will deliberate on the scale of stalled investments in India and the primary drivers of land conflicts across India. It will throw light on the procedural challenges and experiences with the implementation of RFCTLARR Act 2013. It will also share learnings from an ongoing research project titled- ‘Fair Community Benefits and Equitable Land Governance’ – that focuses particularly on two critical research questions around large scale land acquisitions: (i) Developing ‘fair compensation’ models; and (ii) Articulating a Rights Recognition Framework for the ‘Occupants’ on the common land. The research team is working closely with government and civil society actors to develop an improved land governance framework, and to explore ‘sustainable solutions’ for local communities to secure their lives and livelihoods. The panel will have a representation from State Government, Academia, Corporations, Civil Society and Judiciary.
Organiser
Industrial development process in India has been mired by land related issues in the context of industrial policies directed to setting up industrial corridors and special economic zones. There are several factors relating to land acquisition as well as utilisation of land for the intended use under the various industrial corridors and SEZs. Land acquisition is the major challenge for the setting up of SEZs as it entails the local level factors such as loss of agricultural lands, compensation to land owners from the supply side. On the demand side, acquiring land individually for developers becomes a time taking and costly process. Even after the land is acquired for industrial purposes, it remains unused/under-used for a long time. Apart from this, in these industrial zones, there are apprehensions of misuse of land through diversions to real estate developments. There is, therefore, a need for rejuvenating, restructuring and rationalising the entire SEZ policy to plug the various loopholes and take the industrialisation process forward. Also, it is about 15 years since the Special Economic Zone Act was passed. In the process of reviewing current status, it may be useful to reflect upon the following questions: (1) Is supply of land a detrimental factor in developing SEZs? (2) What is the extent of land which is being converted from agricultural to other uses? (3) In the context of manufacturing and real estate sectors, is there a need for reviewing the approach to conversion of land from agriculture to nonagricultural use?
Organiser
Land ownership and use has been historically linked to caste status in India. Centuries of oppressive practices against Scheduled Castes have resulted in their dispossession from land in India. According to the Socioeconomic Caste Census 2011, in rural India at least 54.71 per cent of Scheduled Caste households are landless, nearly 70 per cent of Dalit farmers are labourers on farms owned by others, and only 17.69 per cent of Scheduled Caste households own a house. Moreover, Dalits directly suffer from landlessness and homelessness, as a result of the violence and discrimination perpetuated against them. Decades of land reforms and government programmes aimed at providing land to Dalits and other historically oppressed communities unfortunately, have not shown desired results. According to Land Conflict Watch, India is witnessing at least 31 land-related conflicts involving 92,000 Dalits, who are fighting to claim their land rights across the country. Women suffer disproportionately from caste-based discrimination related to land, housing, and related human rights. Persistent discrimination in rural areas, including with regard to land, housing, and location, often forces Dalits to move to cities, where they face different forms of discrimination, including from the denial of their access to adequate housing and land. Given this harsh reality and the magnitude of this grave but largely unspoken crisis, Housing and Land Rights Network is organizing a panel to discuss the important issue of caste discrimination and land rights. At this panel, independent experts and Dalit rights activists will discuss critical questions and various dimensions, including gender, of caste-related discrimination in the access, use, and ownership of land that results in multiple violations of human rights, including land rights.
Organiser
This plenary session on SDG 5a, seeks to deliberate on the status of women land rights in India from a multidimensional and multi-level perspectives, inviting multi-actor engagements in the process and achievements of this SDG indicator. This indicator is considered to have a potentially transformational role in the achievement of four of the 17 SDGs. Gender equality is one of the ten core principles for implementation listed in FAO’s VGGT. Ongoing debates around SDG are more focused on data availability and methodology for reporting. It is essential to have data to diagnose current conditions, to guide policy action, and, particularly, to track and report progress towards governments’ SDG commitments. It is also important to have more reporting coming in from more countries, more so from bigger and data-rich countries like India to move this indicators to the crucial Tier 1 status. However, this also require building consensus on the data definitions, sources, and system of reporting as well as an agreement on data sources to be used to measure. While definitions and facilitation by UNSTAT and World Census on Agriculture, experience of EDGE pilot (by World Bank) and potential of data sources like FAO’s agriculture census, UNWomen’s recommendation and PRIndex database provide some directions (Choudhury, 2018 ), consensus is yet to be built.
In India, NITI Aayog’a SDG portal has already started reporting this indicator using Agriculture Census. There are also potentially other data sources that could be used. Taking cognizance of data-related challenges, this session proposes a quick stock-taking of India’s land data-ecosystem and goes on to deliberate potential options and partnerships in supporting a suite of complementary efforts to promote the generation, reporting and use of land rights data, that are more granular, local and disaggregated, matching India’s land administration set up. While good data may present a transparent state of affairs, policy and legal framework, priority of the governments in terms of budgetary allocations and schematic support along with a more conscious and informed society, would determine how the target of gender equlity in land rights will be achieved by 2030. Therefore it is critical to also revisit the gender equitable land governance initiatives by the central and state governments across policy, implementation and citizen-engagement space, which these session also would attempt to delve on. Land being a state subject in India with its plurality in religion and customs, addressing gender equality requires action at multiple levels in administrative, geographic and social space. This is going to another layer of discourse that the session seeks to raise, dwelling on the existing engagements and actors and seeking how to expand and diversity such interactions, as we inches a decade closer to 2030. Overall, this panel conversation seeks an assessment of India’s movement towards this SDG target while attempting to broaden and deepen the discourses and engagement, by bringing forth these and other such arguments to table. Essentially it seeks to expand and diversify the engagements of global and local actors around SDG 5 a and use this ILDC platform to trigger alliances and commitment in this important journey.
Organiser
Urban citizenship in the last two decades is an ideal lens through which to understand processes of claim and contestation of the urban poor particularly in global South. Locating citizenship in ‘urban’context, it can be observed that as on the one hand there is a emergence of new languages of urban governance and citizenship rights with the rise of the proprietor, educated and aspiring middle class in the globalized and neo-liberalized economy aspired for a better, clean and green city resulted in production of the poor as “improper citizens” and ‘encroachers’ (Bhan 2016). This is extraverted by the contemporary anti-poor biased strategy of the state manifested in displacement of the subaltern urban residents from the mainstream urban development vision. On the other hand, there is a simultaneous emergence, often unnoticed, of ‘insurgent citizenship’ and ‘democratization from below’ where the claim and contestation of the urban poor over land, housing, security of tenure and basic services is largely motivated by their mobilization, negotiated and confrontation with the states and non-state actors. However, there is an increasing intervention of range of actors in slum development and formalization where their exclusionary form of citizenship or differentiated citizenship is dismantled and inclusive and formal citizenship is under construction through the inclusion of the urban poor in the formal city.
The panel will explore this claims, contestations and citizenry among informal settlements in global south. We invite papers relevance to the following topics:
1. Contestation over citizenship and experience of everyday security and insecurity of the urban poor in global south.
2. The recent state-led approaches to low income housing schemes in global south and the ramification of new context of housing intervention in slums.
3. To examine how the claim, contestation, need and aspiration of the urban poor are transgress in a particular housing intervention where myriad of actors involved in the housing allocation in contemporary Indian cities.
4. The way the new form of housing intervention affecting the residents in informal settlements in rearticulating and realizing the citizenship rights and new identities of the urban poor and on daily lives and Individual well-being.
Organiser
This plenary session at ILDC2020, seeks to deliberate on critical relationship between land tenure security and food and nutritional security in the context of SDG. Particularly it attempts to explore if and how secure tenure by women, men and community over farm, commons and forest land influence and impact family nutrition along with farm production and income? The objective is to converge on potentially synergistic policy pathways and institutional framework which can catalyse the move towards food and nutrition security through a more inclusive and integrated approach embedding land tenure security. While target 1 of the goal 2 talks about ending hunger , target 2 emphasizes ending all forms of malnutrition, target 3 aims at doubling agricultural productivity and incomes through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources, among other things. From conventional literature and empirical and emerging evidences, there are strong linkages between access and control over land and food, nutrition and income security, which SDG 2 also underlines substantially. Its target 4 and 5, promoting sustainable agriculture practices and maintain genetic diversity respectively also directly link to the way, people land relations (PLR) are addressed. The people-land relationship (PLR) covers the nature and quality of land rights, tenure forms and related institutions and land tenure security. PLR influences the way women, men, groups and entities access, control and use land; how they allocate land to different uses and among different users, how they can access inputs, extension services and entitlements, and the types of investments they make in land productivity and conservation. These, in turn, affect availability, access and utilization of food – 3 of the pillars of food security identified by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
The PLR also interacts with (is affected by and affects) natural or man-made shocks such as climate change, civil conflict, and demographic changes in ways that, then, affect stability of availability, access and utilization of food – the forth pillar of food security. India with ‘serious’ hunger and ‘extremely high’ malnutrition (World Hunger Report, 2019 ), also has dominant small and marginal farmer population, substantial share of which are vulnerable tenants and sharecroppers. How we grow and consume our food has a significant impact on levels of hunger, but it doesn’t end there. If done right, agriculture and forests can become sources of decent incomes for the global population. However, half of rural India, do not own agricultural land (SECC, 2011 ) while more than 150 million tribal people in about 25% its villages rely on forest land for food and livelihoods .
If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million , while only 14% of the operational holders in India are women. Key steps to enhance food security by India include revamped Public Distribution System under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, multi-ministerial convergence initiative National Nutrition, The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture, The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSy), the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBy) and Pradhan Mantri Kisan Scheme. Similarly, to enhance land tenure security and improve PLR, India has also brought in substantive policy and institutional reforms through Land leasing reform (The Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act , 2016 by NITI Aayog), Forest Rights Act, 2005 regarded as largest land reform in the world, with potential to recognise individual and community rights over about 40 million ha of forest land, Land record reform (DILRMP) through digitisation of land records and maps aiming conclusive titling as well as initiatives around gender equity in land rights through amendments to inheritance act, stamp duty reduction and waiver and provision of joint titling etc.
Different states have also embarked upon innovative initiatives around promotion millet farming and its introduction in PDS, coverage of landless, tenants and sharecroppers under farmer-welfare schemes including direct cash transfer, MSP and crop-loss compensation. As India closes in to realize Doubling Farm Income (DFI) in 2022 and a decade away from achieving SDG target indicators around farm production, nutritional security, land tenure security of women and men by 2030, we propose to have a plenary event at 4th ILDC. This will be a panel discussion to analyse the India’s preparedness around the these production, income, nutrition and tenure targets and indicator, while also explore potentially synergistic convergent policy and institutional pathways to expedite the progress, while taking a stock of advances and gaps.
Organiser
Land governance is broad and multi-dimensional; it encompasses statutory, customary, religious and informal institutions. As a state structure, land agencies, courts and ministries and municipalities responsible for land management as well as informal land developers and traditional bodies. Land as a resource and a productive asset, ideological debate continues with respect to the Constitutional amendments, legislations, and institutional mechanism related to land – its acquisition, right to forest land, etc. and other land laws directly or indirectly impact land governance. As an integrated system for managing land, it governs land transactions, inheritance, and dispute resolution; thus, engages itself with legal and policy framework for managing land and traditional and recognizing modern practices for land-use. Analysis of issues land governance is important, as it concerns the rules, processes and structures through which decisions are made about access to land and its use, the manner in which decisions are implemented and enforced, and the way in which competing interests in land are managed. It is fundamentally about power and the political economy of land. Moreover, the issue of land governance requires multiple bodies to engage with each other and these is no common meeting point. From various committees constituted under the local self-governance to multiple departments having over lapping jurisdiction, the land governance system faces challenges of complexity, lack of clarity and synergy between various State instrumentalities. Over emphasis on addressing industrial interest, absence of unorganized farmer interest groups and inadequate bargaining power of the land owners leads to a policy which does not balance the concerns of development, equity and environment. Land grabbing is facilitated by actual connivance of State authority or inaction. We aim to analyse land governance as a cross-cutting subject touching upon inclusion for tenure security and social justice; interactions between different institutions like government-market-society; innovation on systems and technology; and sustainable development. We explore analysis leading to examine whether land governance is an instrument for social justice on three most controversial issues of land governance – forest rights, land acquisition, and land titling. The analysis will be be undertaken from the perspectives off our estates legislative process, role of the judiciary, land administration, and media. This discussion would throw light on ways to ensure social justice through instrumentalities of land governance.
Organiser
As the climate change crisis becomes more severe, its impacts are being most acutely experienced by the urban and rural poor, especially those living without secure housing and land tenure, in vulnerable locales. Among those affected, women bear a greater burden of the impacts of climate change and related disasters. The recent Global Climate Risk Index ranks India as the fifth most vulnerable country in the world to climate change. In 2018, India recorded the world’s highest number of fatalities and the second highest monetary losses from climate change-related disasters. Though the urban and rural poor, including indigenous and other local communities, suffer disproportionately from the impacts of climate change while contributing the least to it, they also face additional threats in the form of forced evictions and displacement from climate change-related mitigation and adaptation projects, such as those related to REDD+ and other afforestation measures. The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Climate Change and Land underscores the importance of secure land rights, especially for indigenous peoples and women, as a means to address climate change and mitigate its impacts. Given the significance of land to the climate change debate, it is important to discuss and address climate change and its impacts from a human rights lens. At this panel being organized by Housing and Land Rights Network, independent experts, academics, and affected persons will discuss important issues related to climate change in the context of land rights.
Organiser
People Centred Land Governance is the key for responsive and accountable land governance. In India, the land struggles are complex and is a state subject. The panellists in the session have rich experience of working at the grassroots and amplifying the voices from grassroots to global platforms. In this session, the panellists will present the good practices they have developed over the years to ensure people’s participation in various contours of land governance. This will range from the active involvement of women, youth, trials, pastoralists and other marginalized groups. The layer complicates from engaging with bureaucrats to CSOs to community to media to customary leaders. All these will be the area of discussion. The session will trigger the discussion for exchanging the learning from one-another’s experiences.
Ms Sunila Singh, SDF, Uttar Pradesh – Engaging with local administration to ensuring homes to homeless. Through narrating a successful story of SDF in village Malwabar in district Deoria, the journey begin with 80 families belonging to Mushahar community living on the river bank. It was a completely isolated and neglected village where just about 4 to 5 houses were pucca and others purely jhuggis. This journey reached to today where the village has one hundred percent pucca houses. Multifarious strategies were adopted from addressing the issues of discrimination against the dalit communities, eroding social taboos against single women to engaging with the bureaucracy for making this change happen. This is the classic story of change at social, cultural and economic level.
Mr Sharat Singh, SPWD, Jharkhand – Learnings from Integrated Farm Based Livelihoods. The case of Jharkhand where the incomes of the small and marginal farmers, especially women were enhanced by introducing integrated farming. The learnings of change in practices can be drawn from closing working with the communities to change the practices, to working at the technological level to working with the revenue department on land tenure ship and lastly to engage with the department to replicate the model.
Mr Dinesh Rabari, MARAG, Gujarat – Mainstreaming youth for ensuring access and use of Commons Land. The case of Gujarat where the pastoral youth are getting away from pastoralism, the traditional source of livelihoods that is dependent on livestock and commons land. The approach of MARAG to generate interest in youth on the commons land. This is a story of transformation from ‘gow raksha’ (cow protection) to ‘gowchar raksha’ (pasture land protection) and to transform the diverted interest of youth towards their traditional livelihoods source.
Mr Mohan Dangi, Prayatna Samiti, Rajasthan – Regenerating the pasture land with collective decision. The good practice deals with the 70 acre of pasture land near the village, which is regenerated and converted from interfile land to the bio-diversified foliage that attracts the wildlife as well. The model becomes sustainable by ensuring communities role in decision making and governance at all stages. This is replicated in other areas in last few years.
Mr Barna Baibhab Panda, FES, Odisha – Multi-pronged Strategies for receiving Management Rights in CFR. The case of Odisha where through intensive ground work coupled with networking with the CSOs and engaging with the departments has earned the community forest rights along with the management rights to the community. The story is layered with sustaining the governance rights of community over forest with a foresightedness of the communities.
Organiser
The discussion we will bring the debate of sustainable and land use and food system keeping land tenure/land right in the centre. For instance, the diversity of dietary system to the larger extent depends on customary land tenure. Sufficient literary evidence pointed out that the technological and adoption both depends on the land tenure. The better land tenure system improves the access of land that enables access to mechanisation and financial market.
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Organiser
Indian households hold a greater share of their wealth in land and property than any other major economy around the world (77% vs. 62% in China, 44% in the US and 37% in Germany). 1 At 150 lakh crore, the total value of housing assets in India is substantially larger than the net capitalization of the equity market. 2 Despite its dominance in the household portfolio, real estate remains highly under-leveraged as an asset class in India: the Mortgage-to-GDP ratio, the metric that measures mortgage penetration around the world was only 10% in 2017 in India, whereas for China it was 18%, and 56% for the US. 3 One reason for this under-utilization of real estate collateral has been attributed to the information asymmetries around title and disputes. With limited land records and longdrawn litigation, lenders avoid properties where it is difficult to ascertain ownership or discover encumbrances.4 There has been a long ongoing effort to bring about greater digitization of land records across the country by both the centre and different state governments, but significant challenges remain especially in linking data across agencies. This roundtable discussion aims to bring together a panel of senior government officials, practitioners from the financial sector, and independent experts to help identify the extent to which limited land data inhibits financial inclusion and identify an action plan to resolve the bottlenecks.
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Session Concept Notes
Themes and Threads
Our Partners
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India-Land and Development Conference (ILDC) – 2020 held in New Delhi from March 2 to 4 saw a lively debate on a wide range of issues relating to India’s land sector. More than 100 academicians, young researchers, activists and policy makers made their presentations in the conference spread across 34 thematic and two plenary sessions. More than 350 delegates participated in the event.
Among the other issues, ILDC-2020 witnessed a dispassionate critique of some of the major legislative and policy initiatives that the Government of India and various state governments have undertaken in the past two decades. These included the Right to Transparency, Fair Compensation, Rehabilitation and Resettlement in Land Acquisition Act-2013, the Forest Rights Act-2006, Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act 2016, the Model Land Leasing Policy, the Government of Odisha Slum Dwellers’ Land Right Act-2017, various schemes for housing the urban poor, including the Prime Minister’s Awas Yojana and various issues affecting land governance in the Scheduled areas.
About 350 land actors from government, academia, civil society and business came together from more than 15 states and outside India to discuss and debate various land issues. In more than 30 sessions, about 150 speakers and panelists deliberated over 3 days around interdisciplinary land-conversations to generate important information and evidence for policy, practice and academics.
Land relations are dynamic and have evolved and shaped through interaction with society, government and market. Submissions under this thread are expected to look at how state, civil society and market interacts with and change land tenure and if and how these interactions can improve land tenure security
Interactions : Sarkar, Bazaar and Samaj and Zameen
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Inclusive Land Tenure Security is the goal for land right actors and land tenure professionals. This is key to sustainable and equitable development. Proposals/submissions are invited on inquiries, investigations and analysis of land tenure of these marginal group across land-uses viz. agriculture, homestead, forest, pasture, coastal, urban and common lands